但博格等人对“正规的研究与行动研究的差别”一直持有一种比较复杂的心态。当博格在1963年出版的《教育研究导论》一书中以列表的方式提出了10条“正规的教育研究、行动研究与随意性问题解决法的差别”(Differences among Formal Education, Action Research, and the Casual Approach to Problem Solving in Education )[7]时,行动研究虽然与“正规的教育研究”相比显得不那么重视“控制性”和“精确性”,但与“随意性问题解决法”相比,行动研究却又显得具有较强的“科学性”而“精确性”。
正是出于对行动研究的科学性的维护,斯登豪斯才特别提醒人们:行动研究作为一种研究方式,它首先必须具备“研究”的基本资格。凡称得上一种研究,它就必须是“系统的”或“持续的”探究,而不是零碎的或偶然的思考。对于一个中小学教师而言,过于强调“系统”的研究会给行动研究带来困难。但中小学教师若指望自己的行动研究是真实的和有效度的,“系统”的研究就成为无法越过的坎。斯登豪斯特别提醒,行动研究首先必须是一种“研究”,而“研究就是公开而系统的探究”。[10]“公开”(to be made open)意味着教师向公众表达自己的研究过程和研究成果,使自己的研究成为“公开的”探究而不是私下琢磨。斯登豪斯还坚持真正的研究应包括获得公开发表的资格,认为“私下地研究在我们看来简直称不上研究。部分原因在于未公开发表的研究得不到公众批评的滋养,部分原因在于我们将研究视为一种共同体活动,而未发表的研究对他人几乎没有用处。”[11]
2.Greenwood, D. Levin, M.(1998) Introduction to Action Research for Social Research and Social Change, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.重点阅读第三章、第七章和第八章。
1.Hogdkinson, H. (1957) Action Research: A Critique, The Journal of Educational Sociology, 31(4).重点关注行动研究在当时受批判的原因。
2.Husen, T. & Postlethwaite (eds) (1984) The International Encyclopedia of Education, New York: Pergamon, 1st ed.重点阅读该书中由Kemmis, S.撰写的Action Research词条。
[2] McKernan, J. (1996) Curriculum Action Research: A Handbook of Methods and Resources for the Reflective Practitioner, Kogan Page, 2nd ed. p.257.
[3] See Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action Research, Deakin University Press, p.165.
[4] Corey, S. (1953) Action Research to Improve School Practice, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.
[5] See Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action Research, Deakin University Press.
[6] See Gall, J. Gall, M. Borg, W. (1993) Applying Educational Research: A Practical Guide, Longman, 3rd ed, pp.390-410; Gall, J. Gall, M. Borg, W. (1999) Applying Educational Research: A Practical Guide, Longman, 4th ed, pp.478-480.
[7] Borg, W. (1963) Educational Research: An Introduction, David McKay Company, pp.320-322.
[8] Hogdkinson, H. (1957) Action Research: A Critique, The Journal of Educational Sociology, 31(4), according to Oja, S. & Smulyan, L. (1989) Collaborative Action Research: A Developmental Approach, The Falmer Press, p.5.
[9] Stenhouse, L. (1981) What Counts as Research? British Journal of Educational Studies 29,2,June; Also See Rudduck, J. & Hopkins, D. (eds) (1985) Research as a Basis for Teaching: Reading from the work of Lawrence Stenhouse, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. pp.15-19.
[10] Stenhouse, L. (1979) The Problems of Standards in Illuminative Research, Scottish Educational Review 11(1).
[11] Stenhouse, L. (1981) What Counts as Research? British Journal of Educational Studies 29, 2, June.
[12] Ebbutt, D. (1985) Educational Action Research: Some General Concerns and Specific Quibbles, in Burgess, R. (ed.) Issues in Educational Research: Qualitative Methods, The Falmer Press.
[13] Lewin, K.(1952) Group Decision and Social Change, In Swanson G. Newcomb, T. & Hartley, E. (eds) Readings in Social Psychology, Holt, New York.
[14] According to Ebbutt, D. (1985) Educational Action Research: Some General Concerns and Specific Quibbles, In Burgess, R. (ed.) Issues in Educational Research: Qualitative Methods, The Falmer Press.
[15] McNiff, J. (1988) Action Research: Principles and Practice, Macmillan Education Ltd. 35.
[16] Whitehead, J. (1985) An Analysis of an Individual's Educational Development: The Basis for Personally Oriented Action Research, in Shipman, M. (ed.) Educational Research: Principles, Policies & Practices, The Falmer Press.