句型变化很简单, / 先把句中动词看:/ be may must will can,/ 否定句not加后边。/ 一般问句也不难,/ 助情动词放句前;/ 两种回答yes no,/ 句首动词人后面。/ 没有现成怎么办?/ do does did来相伴,/ 三单式过去要还原。/ 特殊问句更简单,/ 疑问词后跟一般。/ 事物职业等what,/ who人where问地点,/ whose谁的所有权。/ 数量how many复后边,/ how much不可数和价钱。/ why问原因慢慢谈,/ what time when时间, / how old岁数多少年?/ how be人身永康健!
例析
上述口诀表明:句型变化的关键是识别和取决于句中的动词。如果句中有现成的 be ,have,used,may ,must ,will ,can等助动词或情态动词,则在其后直接加上not即构成否定句;将其提于句首则成为一般疑问句,在简略回答中,除there be句型外,在yes或no后边一般要使用“人称代词主格+助动词或情态动词成分”,其中的助动词或情态动词应该与问句保持一致。例如,(1) That’s her grandfather over there(改为否定句和一般疑问句并回答)。根据口诀,我们发现句中有现成的 be动词is ,不需要其他的助动词来协助,故本句的否定句为:That’s not her grandfather over there;一般疑问句及回答为:Is that her grandfather over there?Yes,he is;/ No,he isn’t. (2) Tom used to read Chinese histories.(改为否定句和一般疑问句并回答),句中的used是一个突破口,故否定句为Tom used not to read Chinese histories;一般问句和回答为Used Tom to read Chinese histories ?Yes,he used;/ No,he usedn’t. 但根据传统习惯,本句也可以将used视为行为动词 use的过去式,故其否定句和一般疑问句及回答分别是Tom didn’t use to read Chinese histories和Did Tom use to read Chinese histories ?Yes,he did;No,he didn’t .
“没有现成怎么办”指的是句中没有be ,have,used,may ,must ,will ,can等助动词或情态动词的情况。如果没有,则要根据动词的时态和形式借用相应的助动词 do(帮助行为动词原形),does(帮助行为动词的第三人称单数形式)或 did(帮助行为动词的过去时形式)来协助构成否定句或问句;“三单式过去要还原” 指的是在用 does或 did协助构成否定句或问句后,原句中的动词第三人称单数形式或过去式必须改为动词原形,否则就犯了重复的错误,这也是许多学生惯犯的一种错误,令老师头疼。例(3) Li Ping goes shopping with her mother on Sundays(改为否定句和一般疑问句并回答)。句中有三单式goes , 立刻就联想到does的助动词功能,故本题的答案分别为Li Ping doesn’t go shopping with her mother on Sundays和Does Li Ping go shopping with her mother on Sundays?Yes,she does;/ No,she doesn’t. 但要注意,do和have还有行为动词的功能,这是学生在做句型转换练习时遇到的又一难题,误将句中的do或have视为助动词而导致错误的结果。如(4) My brother does his homework in the evening(改为否定句和一般疑问句),能够想到正确答案My brother doesn’t do his homework in the evening和Does your brother do his homework in the evening?的同学为数不多。(5) Jim’s parents have lunch in the factory(改为否定句和一般疑问句并回答),许多学生就错解为Jim’s parents haven’t lunch in the factory和Have Jim’s parents lunch in the factory? Yes , they have ; / No , they haven’t . 而本句中的have是行为动词“吃” 的意思,正确做法应该为Jim’s parents don’t have lunch in the factory和 Do Jim’s parents have lunch in the factory? Yes , they do ;/ No, they don’t .
“疑问词后跟一般”意思是特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成,只要学生掌握了一般疑问句的转换要点和各类疑问代词或疑问副词的意义和功能,特殊疑问句以及其他的句型变化就会迎刃而解。例如,口诀中的“事物职业等what”,其意义功能指的是what用来对事物、职业、姓名、颜色等提问,如(6) My e-mail address is cindyj@pep.com.cn(对画线部分提问)为What is your e-mail address? “who人where问地点”是指who用于对人物、身份、关系等句子成分提问而where用于对地点状语提问,例(7) Kate’s shoes are under the bed(对画线部分提问)为Where are Kate’s shoes? 而表面看起来很相似的另一个句子The shoes under the bed are Kate’s(对画线部分提问),学生做起来就又感到纳闷了,是用where还是which提问呢?其纳闷的根本原因是没有弄懂画线部分under the bed在本句中是后置定语,故本题的正确解答应为Which shoes are Kate’s? “数量how many复后边”即对数量提问用how many,后面接复数形式,例如(8) There are fifty-two students in Tom’s class(对画线部分提问)为How many students are there in Tom’s class?How many后边接的是复数形式students和are . how much用于对不可数名词或价钱提问,如(9) The black pants are $75(对画线部分提问)为How much (money) are the black pants? 当然,本句也可以表示为What’s the price of the black pants? “how be人身永康健”即How be sb.? 一般用于询问某人的身体健康状况,如(10) ——How are you?—— I’m well, thank you .作者: 教师之友网 时间: 2013-3-8 21:15
I.词法
英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。
一、名词(n.)表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词
(一)名词的分类
名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。
可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干
个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。
不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)
专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)
(二)名词的数
1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:
(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。
eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys
以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。
(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。
eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。
eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,
strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])
(注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。eg.boys,holidays,days)
(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:
①加eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.ZOO—zoos,radio——radios
③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos
④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,
eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos
⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加eg.zeros/zeroes
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。
eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief--thieves(res读音为[vz]
(注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)
(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,
eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)
(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。
eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish
(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。
eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors
另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。
eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister
但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。
eg.two men teachers,three women doctors
②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。
eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils
2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。
(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。
eg,much money,a little bread
(2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。
eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water
3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。
eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间
(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)
(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。
①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s。
eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day
②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。
eg.teachers’office,students’rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s。
eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)
④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s。
eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)
(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构
eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room
(3)特殊形式
①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格
eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)
the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)
China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)
China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)
②双重所有格
eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友
a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片
代词(pron.)代替名词
二、代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用
相互代词each other,one another
指示代词this,that,these,those
不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another
复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing
疑问代词what,who,whom,which,whose
直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句.表语从句等。
关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。
(二)代词的用法
1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法
(1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。
eg. She gavemea red apple.她给了我一个红苹果: (She作主语,me作动词宾语)
Kathy is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)
2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。
①形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school,his backpack
②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。
egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主语)
I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语)
③"of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。
eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友
(3)反身代词
①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。
eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语)
She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语)
He's not worried about himself.(作介词宾语)
②带有反身代词的常用短语。
teach oneself自学
help oneself to随便吃些…吧
say to oneself自言自语.
learn...by oneself自学…
enjoy oneself过得愉快
leave one by oneself把某人单独留下
hurt oneself伤了自己
dress oneself自己穿衣服
come to oneself苏醒过来
(4)相互代词
①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。
eg. For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。
We should learn from each other.我们应当互相学习。
②可以用格表示所有关系:each other’s, one another’s互相的,彼此的
eg.They are looking at each other’s pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。
(5)指示代词
①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。
eg. This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。
These are my friends,and that is my sister.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。
②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:
eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·
2.不定代词的用法
(1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法
①each"每个/各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。
eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。
Each of them has a nice ring.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。
②every"每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。
eg.Everyday is important to us.每天对我们都很重要。
He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。
③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。
eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。
Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。
They both like potatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。
④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。
eg.That’s all for today.今天到此为止。
All of us are from China.我们都来自中国。
All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。
⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。
eg.The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。
⑥neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。
eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。
⑦no(=not any/not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。
eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹.
A clock has no mouth,but it can talk.钟表没有嘴,但能说话。
There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。
⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司。
eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。
I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。
⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。
eg.I don’t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。
Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。
(2)one,ones和no one的用法
one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。
eg.——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?
一Which one?哪一本?
一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。
No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。
(3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法
①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。
eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。
Thanks,it’s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。
②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)。
eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。
I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。
③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。
eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相当多”
eg.There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。
④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。
eg.There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。
There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。
I don’t have any brothers Of sisters.我没有
Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?
⑤.some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。
eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗?
Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought...)你怎么没买点糖果?
⑥.any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句
eg.There isn't any water left.没有剩下一点水。
If you have any questions, put up your hands。please.如果有问题,请举手。
⑦:some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。
eg.I'll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。
Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。
Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。
④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法
1.○ ● one……the other
表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”
eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse.
2.○ ○○●○ one ………another
表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。
eg. I don’t want this One, please give me another.
3.○ ●●● one ……the others
强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。
eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Others are Chinese.
4.○○○ ●●●● some…… the others
表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。
eg.Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.
⑤others=other+名词;the others=the Other+名词。
eg.Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.
⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。
eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。
(4)复合不定代词的用法
①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
eg.Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门
②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。
eg.There is something important On today’s newspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。
③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:
eg.Something is wrong.(变为否定句)
Something isn’t wrong.(错误)
Nothing is wrong.(正确)
④Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。
eg.There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。
Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?
⑤当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。
eg.Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?
Anyone can make mistakes.任何人都可能犯错误。
3.疑问代词的用法。
(1)who/whom谁(指人).
①作主语eg. Who wants to go with him?
②作宾语eg.Who/Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)
eg.Who/Whom do you want tomeet?(作动词meet的宾语)
③作表语eg.Who/Whom are they?
(2)whose谁的
①作定语eg. Whose pen is this?
②作表语eg. Whose is this pen?
(3)which哪一个,哪一些
①作定语eg.Which girl is Kathy?
②作表语eg. Which is the boy’s ball?
(4)what什么
①作主主语eg. What’s on the table?
②作宾语eg. What are you doing?
③作表语eg. What is he?
④作定语eg. What class are you in?
4.关系代词的用法
关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。
eg·This is the man who gave me the book.这就是给我书的那个人。
The money that/which is on the table is mine.桌上的钱是我的。
The money that/which my mother gave me is on the table.我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。
形容词
三、形容词(adj.)表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用
四、副词(adv.)表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
(一)形容词的用法及位置
1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)
Paul is tall.(作表语)
We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)
2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。
eg.She has something important to tell us./
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
(二)副词的种类、用法及位置
1.副词的种类
(1)时间副词
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf
②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地点副词
①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past
(3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly
(4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why
(6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why
(7)关系副词引导定语从句:when,where,why
(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。
2.副词的用法及位置
(1)修饰动词作状语
①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表语,放在系动词后。
eg.Is anybody in?
(5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。
eg.I saw him out just now.
(6)作定语,放在名词之后。
eg.There is a man:here On vacation.
(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容词和副词的比较等级
1.比较级、最高级的构成
(1)单音节和少数双音节词
①一般在词尾加er或est
great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e结尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest
④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest
(2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
(3)不规则变化的词
good/well→better→best
bad/ill/badly→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序)
far→farther/further→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度)
2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法
(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法
①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”:
“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B:
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”:
“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
③表示甲在某方面不如乙:
“A+系动词+notas/so+形容i司原级+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS/SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
④表示某个范围内的两者相比:
“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。
⑤表示“越来越…”:“比较级+and+比较级”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer.在春天,白天变得越来越长。
⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比较级…the+比较级”
eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。
①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点;
it is even colder today than yesterday。今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。
(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法
对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围:
“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/in短语”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
冠词
五、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义
冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,放在名词前、a/3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。
1.不定冠词
(1)不定冠词的用法
①泛指—类人或物。
eg.This is a pencil case.
She’S a doctor.
②指不具体的某个人或物。
eg.I met an old man On my way home.
③用在序数词前,相当于another。
eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.
④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every。
eg.They have music lessons twice a week.
⑤固定搭配。
a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such a/an, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠词的位置
①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。
eg,a bike,an egg
②当名词被such,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is
④当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时,不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story
2.定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。
eg:l have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy's name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.
(2)特指某(些)人或物。
eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America.
(3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。
eg: My shoes are under the bed.
(4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。
eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.
(5)用在序数词前。
eg Monday is the second day of a week.
(6)yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。
cg The moon moves round the earth.
(7)用在某些形容词前,表示—类人或物。
the rich(富人),the poor(穷人),the deaf(聋人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded(伤员)
(8)用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。
eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.
(9)用在乐器前。
eg.play the piano/guitar/violin/drums.
(10)用于逢“十”的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。
eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown.
I think he is in the thirties.
(11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。
the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,the(more)...
the(more)…“越…越…”
3.不用冠词的情况
(1)名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。
eg.That girl is my friend.
(2)名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their等时不用冠词。
eg.Lucy is her sister.
(3)名词前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。
eg.Which man is Mr Green?
Each student has a beautiful picture.
(4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。
eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.
(5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。
eg.Snow is white.
(6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。
eg.Does she like music?
(7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。
eg.play basketball/soccer/chess
(8)在三餐前不用冠词。
eg.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner
(9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。
eg·Tina,China,Tiananmen Square,Beijing,University,New Year’s Day,Tuesday,January
(10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。
eg.My favorite is English.
(11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。
eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,gO tO school,go to bed,at last
4.在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。
in hospital(在住院);in the hospital(在医院)
in prison(在坐牢);in the prison(在监狱里)
at table(吃饭,用餐);at the table(在桌旁)
in front of(在某个范围之外的前面);in the front of(在某个范围之外的前面)
go to college(上大学);go to the college(去那所大学)
take place(发生);take the place(代替)
数词
六、数词
(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。
1.基数词的构成
(1)1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,
sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为
million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。
1,001→one thousand and one
9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)
2.基数词的用法
(1)作主语
eg.Four Of them come from Paris.
(2)作宾语
eg.一How many books would you like?
一I would like two.
(3)作表语
eg.Seven minus two is five.
(4)作定语
eg.There are three people in my family·
(5)作同位语
eg. You two will go swimming with us.
(6)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。
eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.
(7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加of hundreds of(数百,成百上千的),thousands of(数干,成千上万的),millions of(数百万)
eg,They arrived in two sand threes.他们三三两两地来了。
(8)表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。
eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):
This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;
(9)表示时刻
eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.
(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。
1,序数词的构成
(1)一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不规则变化
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve--~twelfih
(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth
2.序数词的用法
(1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。
eg.Tom is their second son.
He is the first one to come here.
(2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上"又—",“再一”
eg: He tried a second time.他又试了—次.
Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?我已问了他两次)
(3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。
1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd
(4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。
2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005
(三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。
No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车),Room 103,(103号旁间)
The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)
(四)分数词的表达
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s
eg.1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths
(五)数学运算的表达
eg.3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight.
9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.
6x5=30 Five times six is thirty /six unutilized five is thirty.
8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.
介词
七、介词
(一)表示时间的介词
(1)at
①接具体时间:eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve
②表示“在…时刻”;eg: at noon,at midnight
(2)in
①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”;
eg.in January,in a month,in spring,in 2005
②在将来时中,表示“在某段时间之后”
eg.In ten years,I think I'll be a reporter.
(3)on
表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。
eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th,On the morning of July 6th
(三)固定搭配的介词
(1)动词+介词:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for,worry about,think of,spend...On
(2)介词十名词:by train,on foot,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,
in hospital,in time,On time, On one’s way to,with pleasure
(3)be+形容词+介词:be afraid of ,be good at,be good/bad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for
八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句
(1)并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)
①表并列关系:not only...but also,neither...nor,and
②表选择关系:or,either...or
③表转折关系:but,while
④表因果关系:for,so
(2)从属连词(用来引导从句)
①引导时间状语从句: after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as
②引导原因状语从句:because,as,since
③引导目的状语从句:so that,in order that
④引导结果状语从句:so that,so…that,such...that
⑤引导比较状语从句:than,as…as
⑥引导宾语从句:that,if, whether
动词
九、动词(verb.)动词表示主语的动作或状态
(一)动词的种类。
(1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。
eg.She wears a uniform.
(2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。
eg :She can dance.
(3)连系动词like-v.接表语。
eg.They are nurses.
That sounds interesting.
His mother looks young.
If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad.
(4)助动词aux--V.接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。
eg, DO you like pandas?
He has gone to Australia.
She is looking at the cat.
(5)情态动词mod-v.接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。
Eg. He must go now.
You should clean the classroom after class.
(6)有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,be也可作助动词。
eg.I do my homework after class.(Vt.)
Do as you like.(Vi.)
She is a little bit quiet.(mod-v.)
She is swimming now.(aux-v.)
二)情态动词的用法
(一)can,could,may的用法
l .can/could
(1)表示具有某种能力,意为“能,能够,会”(could表过去)。
eg.I can sing English songs.
Lisa can’t speak Japanese.
She could swim when she was four years old.
(2)表示许:可、允许,意为“可以”。
eg.Can we watch TV now?
You can’t play computer games in the morning.
(3)表示请求某人做某事,意为“能,能够”(用could使晤气更委婉)。
eg.Can/Could you help me,please?
(4)表示推测“可能”,多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must,might,could等)
cg。it can’t be true.这不可能是真的。
Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢?
2.may/might
(1)表示许可、允许,意为“可以”,比can更正式。
eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗?
May l ask you a question?我可以问你—个问题吗?
(2)表示推测“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句。
eg.He may be at home now.他可能现在在家。
She may not be there today.今天她可能不在那儿。
(二)can与be able to的区别
1.两者都可以用来表示能力。
eg.I can/am able to mend the bike.
2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could),而be able to可用于多种时态。
eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.
He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.
3.can可以表示推测,但be able to不能。
eg.That Can't be Gina's dictionary.
4.can与be able to;不能重复使用
eg.他能做好这件事。
He can be able to do is well.(X)
He can do it well.(√)
He is able to do it well.(√)
(三)must与have to的区别
1.主客观方面不同。
must表“义务”或“强制”,表示主观的必要;在肯定句中must还可表推测,语气要比may肯定多。have to表“必须”或“不得不”,表示客观的必要。
eg.We must clean the room.(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)
We have to clean the room.(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)
He must beat home before supper。(他晚饭前一定在家。)
2.人称和时态不同。
must无人称和时态的变化,一律用must十动词原形。have to后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to,过去时中要用had to,将来时中要用will have to。另外,have to还可与,情态动词和助动词连用。
eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day.
The train has left.We'll have to wait for the next train.
3.否定式及意义不同。
must not=mustn't“决不可/千万不可/务必不要”; don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t+have to“不必”
eg.We mustn’t tell jokes on him.我们千万不可与他开玩笑。
We don’t have to tell jokes on him.我们不必和他开玩笑。
在对May I…?作否定回答时用No, you mustn’t/can’t.
eg. May l go to the movies? NO,You mustn't
5.疑问式及回答不同。
Must+主语+动词原形+…? Yes,主语+ must./NO,主语+needn’t.
助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+…?
Yes,主语+助动词./No,主语+助动词+not.
eg.Must l go now? Yes,you must./NO,you needn’t
Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes,she does./NO,she doesn’t.