批判性思维和非批判性思维的另一个突出区别在于是否依赖好思维的某些标准。李普曼说,在学生们还不熟悉用来区别批判的和非批判的思维的标准的情况下,他们不可能被激励更为批判地思考。当然,非批判性思维暗示思维是缺乏坚实基础的、模糊的、主观的、似是而非的、无计划的和未经组织的,而批判性思维依赖标准这一事实,暗示它是有良好基础的、结构化的和可靠的思维,它看来是可辩护的和令人信服的。[43]69,212批判性思维主要是一个规范概念,它指的是好思维,具有不同于非批判性思维的品质,这种品质是由思维满足相关标准和规范的程度决定的。在科学教育文献中,常常按照一组程序来定义批判性思维的概念,这种方法用描述性的术语刻画批判性思维,描述行为或活动的一个范围。但是,简单完成一组程序对于确保批判性思维是不够的,因为人们可能粗心地或不反省地——以一种非批判的方式完成任何程序。[44]249有学者将非批判性思维的三个形式或特性勾勒如下:“非全即无(all or nothing)”思维。这是一种儿童的思维形式,事物被绝对地认为非好即坏,非对即错。这种思维比更为批判地评估更容易;混淆巧合与原因。常常采取“跳跃到结论”的形式;错觉。这是非批判性思维的最极端的例子。错觉是一种虚假的信念,尽管证据支持相反的信念,却依然坚持该信念。[45]206-208根据这些标准,非批判性思维和批判性思维形成一系列鲜明对照:[46]454
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