【内容提要】本文梳理出知识分子与国家关系的三种理论取向:对立关系、依附关系和融合关系。知识分子与国家的对立关系是知识分子独立精神的映射,是知识分子与国家关系的理想类型。但将两者视为截然的对立关系,在实证研究中往往易忽视制度因素在知识分子与国家关系中发挥的作用;依附关系论纳入了制度环境的考量,对知识分子与政治权威网络的错综交织关系进行了具体考察,区分出不同的依附关系类型;新阶级理论将知识分子定义为新型知识的拥有者,预言文化资本或知识将获取社会的支配权力,知识与政治将趋于融合。新阶级理论的权力视角为社会主义国家知识分子与国家关系提供了动态的理论诠释。
Abstract: There are three kinds of relationships between intellectuals and the state, namely, antagonism, mutual dependence, and merge. Antagonism between intellectuals and the state reflects the independent spirit of the former and therefore seems to represent an ideal type of relationship. However, such an antagonistic view tends to overlook the institutional factors that could bear upon the relationship. The view of mutual dependence aptly takes into account the institutional factors and the intermingling between intellectuals and the political authority. Finally, we come to the view of merge, predicting a new class of intellectuals and its new relationship with the state.
知识分子社会学的一个基本关注是知识分子的政治角色,特别是知识分子与国家的关系。在这个领域里,一些基本问题包括有:知识分子是否形成了特定的阶级或者独立的阶层?还是只是从属于其它阶级?知识分子只是代表自身阶层的利益还是能够成为社会不同阶层复杂利益的代言人(Mok,1998:1)?对于这些问题的不同解答构成了不同的理论图景,通过梳理相关的文献,结合西方学者关于中国知识分子的研究,在知识分子与国家的关系上可以归纳出三种理论取向,分别为:对立关系、依附关系、融合关系。
这种“新型的知识”在不同的理论家著作中有着不同的名称,“文化资本”是古尔德纳新阶级理论的基本概念,他认为文化资本是真正自主的,并非仅仅相对独立于物质生产领域。文化资本的所有权是诞生新阶级的基础,文化生产者享有的权威就是建立在对文化资本的垄断之上。区别于一般的人力资本,文化资本拥有特定的内涵,它是一种特殊类型的知识,古氏将它命名为“批判性话语文化”(culture of critical discourse,简称CCD),指称一套坦诚可信、平等争论的话语规则。这样一来,文化资本的拥有者对权威或物质报酬的诉求就不再是建立在狭义的经济绩效或对生产力促进的基础之上,而是在于这种特定的思想和文化。拥有这种文化的知识分子对社会的理解、对发展方向的把握都比普通民众更加深刻,他们高出一筹的思想正是在CCD理性规则的基础上发展而来的。因而,古氏认为批判性话语文化使知识分子获取权威的诉求是自我指涉的(self-referential),它是一种阶级意识,不管是人文知识分子还是技术知识分子都可以拥有这种文化资本,通过两者结合所形成的新阶级使原有那个“旧阶级”(富有的资产阶级)黯然失色(Gouldner, 1979:48)。
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{1}利益集团理论在八十年代受到中国改革派知识分子的推崇,将之作为马克思主义阶级论的社会政治分析方法之外的理论选择。这两者的区分在于:马克思主义阶级论是社会分析二分法,而利益集团理论则关照社会的多元化;前者关于阶级划分的标准是固定的,而后者采纳相对灵活的划分方法;前者强调阶级利益的一致性,而后者重视界限变动所导致的不同集团的组合;前者分析阶级斗争的革命性,而后者包容关系的多样性(包括斗争、妥协与合作)。(吴国光,1992)
{2}贝尔认为在后工业社会中,科学知识越来越重要,知识而非生产性资源将成为经济增长和社会进步的最主要来源,因而,知识将在社会中扮演着最基本的角色,最终会取代财产所有权成为社会分层的标准,为一个新型的、进步的知识阶级的形成奠定基础(Bell,1976)。
{3} “再分配经济”的概念最早出现在博兰尼的名著《伟大的转折》中,他概括出人类社会的三种经济关系:“市场经济”、“再分配经济”、和“互惠经济”。任列尼衍用了这一再分配经济的概念(Polanyi,1944)。
{4}依据对社会经济形态的划分,知识分子结构位置的演变可以划分为三个过程:从西欧封建社会依附于封建主的从属阶层(estate),到自由市场资本主义社会中的一个获得解放、摆脱束缚的社会阶层(stratum),最后发展成为理性再分配社会中的新阶级(class)( Konrad & Szelenyi ,1979:64)。 黄 玉:广州市社会科学院社会学与社会政策研究所,510410