有史以来最伟大的头脑榜单

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有史以来最伟大的头脑榜单

武夷山

   这是美国“排行”网站投票投出的“有史以来最伟大的头脑50人”榜单（http://www.ranker.com/list/great ... -time/walter-graves）。由于投票者基本上是美国人，只有孔子一个中国人上榜。但从这个榜单可以看出，普通美国人心目中的头脑伟人大概是什么样。榜单中的“加号”栏表示，有多少人认为此人的名次应该往前提；“减号”栏表示，有多少人认为此人的名次应该往下降。多数人的意见与原来的榜单一致,有个别例外,比如，较多的投票者认为，华盛顿在榜单上的位置太高了。

• 1
  
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  the people's #1&most listed
  [color=black !important]Leonardo da Vinci 利奥纳多. 达. 芬奇Died at 67 (1452-1519)Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is
  
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• 2
  
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  8,235
  
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  1,940
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Isaac Newton 牛顿Died at 84 (1643-1727)Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His
  
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• 3
  
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  8,649
  
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  3,357
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦Died at 76 (1879-1955)Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two
  
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• 4
  
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  5,821
  
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  1,500
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Galileo Galilei 伽利略Died at 78 (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei, often known mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the
  
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• 5
  
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  5,021
  
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  1,693
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Plato 柏拉图Plato was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece. He is considered an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, and he founded the
  
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• 6
  
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  4,845
  
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  1,526
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Aristotle 亚里士多德Died at 62 (383 BC-321 BC)Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the Macedonian city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a
  
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• 7
  
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  4,325
  
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  1,931
  
  
  
  
  often listed
  [color=black !important]Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 莫扎特Died at 35 (1756-1791)Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his
  
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• 8
  
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  7,206
  
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  1,780
  
  
  
  
  ranked low on reranks
  [color=black !important]Nikola Tesla 特斯拉Died at 87 (1856-1943)Nikola Tesla was a Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current
  
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• 9
  
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  4,022
  
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  1,124
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Archimedes 阿基米德Archimedes of Syracuse was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in
  
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• 10
  
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  4,042
  
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  2,014
  
  
  
  
  often listed&ranked high on reranks
  [color=black !important]Charles Darwin 达尔文Died at 73 (1809-1882)Charles Robert Darwin, FRS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from
  
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• 11
  
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  3,675
  
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  1,266
  
  
  
  
  ranked low on reranks
  [color=black !important]Marie Curie 居里夫人Died at 67 (1867-1934)Marie Skłodowska-Curie was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and
  
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• 12
  
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  3,276
  
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  1,567
  
  
  
  
  often listed
  [color=black !important]William Shakespeare 莎士比亚Died at 52 (1564-1616)William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's
  
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• 13
  
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  3,430
  
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  1,013
  
  
  
  
  ranked low on reranks
  [color=black !important]Michelangelo 米开朗基罗Died at 89 (1475-1564)Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled
  
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• 14
  
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  2,720
  
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  1,034
  
  
  
  
  often listed&ranked high on reranks
  [color=black !important]Johann Sebastian Bach 巴赫Died at 65 (1685-1750)Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. He enriched established German styles through his skill in counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and the
  
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• 15
  
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  2,668
  
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  675
  
  
  
  
  ranked low on reranks
  [color=black !important]Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of the information about Pythagoras was written down centuries
  
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• 16
  
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  2,881
  
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  805
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Socrates 苏格拉底Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the
  
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• 17
  
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  2,282
  
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  765
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Johannes Kepler 开普勒Died at 59 (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works
  
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• 18
  
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  2,820
  
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  850
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Ludwig van Beethoven 贝多芬Died at 57 (1770-1827)Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and
  
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• 19
  
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  1,994
  
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  920
  
  
  
  
  often listed
  [color=black !important]Immanuel Kant 康德Died at 80 (1724-1804)Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience, and that reason is the
  
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• 20
  
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  3,318
  
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  1,614
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Stephen Hawking 史蒂芬. 霍金age 73Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA is an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge.
  
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• 21
  
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  2,107
  
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  664
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼Died at 70 (1473-1543)Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center. The publication of this model in his
  
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• 22
  
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  2,492
  
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  954
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.富兰克林Died at 84 (1706-1790)Benjamin Franklin FRS was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist,
  
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• 23
  
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  1,577
  
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  769
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Johann Wolfgang von Goethe歌德Died at 83 (1749-1832)Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer and statesman. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an
  
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• 24
  
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  1,527
  
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  702
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Homer 荷马Homerus, best known as his anglicised name Homer, is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He was believed by the ancient Greeks to have been the first and greatest of the epic poets. Author of the
  
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• 25
  
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  491
  
  
  
  
  ranked low on reranks &added by Polar Bear
  [color=black !important]Max Planck 马克斯. 普朗克Died at 89 (1858-1947)Physicist,Quantum theory and thermodynamics were greatly enriched by his work. Probably the scientist of the 20th century. Einstein himself said so. He was a friend of
  
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• 26
  
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  1,885
  
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  945
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Friedrich Nietzsche 尼采Died at 56 (1844-1900)Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher, cultural critic, poet, composer and Latin and Greek scholar. He wrote several critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture,
  
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• 27
  
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  1,164
  
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  606
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 莱布尼茨Died at 70 (1646-1716)Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was a German polymath and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy. Most scholars believe Leibniz developed
  
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• 28
  
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  1,264
  
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  534
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Hippocrates 希波克拉底Died at 83 (459 BC-376 BC)Hippocrates of Kos, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the "Father of Western
  
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• 29
  
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  1,803
  
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  951
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Thomas Jefferson 托马斯. 杰夫逊Died at 83 (1743-1826)Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States. He was a spokesman for democracy, and embraced
  
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• 30
  
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  1,493
  
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  737
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Confucius 孔子Died at 72 (550 BC-478 BC)Confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality,
  
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• 31
  
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  1,876
  
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  1,376
  
  
  
  
  often listed&ranked high on reranks
  [color=black !important]Thomas Edison 爱迪生Died at 84 (1847-1931)Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a
  
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• 32
  
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  684
  
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  356
  
  
  
  
  added by sebbzor
  [color=black !important]Johannes Gutenberg 古腾堡Died at 70 (1398-1468)Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the
  
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• 33
  
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  930
  
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  528
  
  
  
  
  added by sudeeshab
  [color=black !important]Leo Tolstoy 列夫. 托尔斯泰Died at 82 (1828-1910)Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, commonly referred to as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright and philosopher who primarily wrote novels and short stories.
  
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• 34
  
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  1,278
  
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  655
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Voltaire 伏尔泰Died at 84 (1694-1778)François-Marie Arouet, known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and
  
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• 35
  
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  834
  
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  330
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Carl Friedrich Gauss 高斯Died at 78 (1777-1855)Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics,
  
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• 36
  
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  895
  
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  [color=black !important]Sophocles 索福克勒斯,古希腊三大悲剧作家之一
  
  :Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. According to the Suda, a 10th-century encyclopedia, Sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most-f…more
  
  
  
• 37
  
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  902
  
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  972
  
  
  
  
  often listed &added by Obamasux44X
  [color=black !important]George Washington 华盛顿Died at 67 (1732-1799)George Washington was the first President of the United States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United
  
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• 38
  
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  2,995
  
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  1,773
  
  
  
  
  added by GarryMarley
  [color=black !important]Jesus of Nazareth 耶稣4 B.C - 30 A.D.
  
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• 39
  
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  860
  
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  476
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Euripides 欧里庇得斯，古希腊三大悲剧大师之一Died at 74 (479 BC-405 BC)Euripides was a tragedian of classical Athens. He is one of the three whose plays have survived, with the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to
  
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• 40
  
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  1,136
  
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  931
  
  
  
  
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  [color=black !important]Martin Luther 马丁. 路德Died at 63 (1483-1546)Martin Luther was a German friar, priest and professor of theology who was a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and
  
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• 41
  
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  1,092
  
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  525
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]René Descartes 笛卡尔Died at 54 (1596-1650)René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the father of modern philosophy, and much subsequent
  
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• 42
  
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  1,010
  
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  537
  
  
  
  
  added by Srinidhi S U
  [color=black !important]Gregor Mendel 孟德尔Died at 62 (1822-1884)Gregor Johann Mendel was a German-speaking Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries
  
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• 43
  
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  1,157
  
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  420
  
  
  
  
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  [color=black !important]Alan Turing 图灵Died at 42 (1912-1954)Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS was a British pioneering computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, mathematical biologist, and marathon and ultra distance runner. He was
  
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• 44
  
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  810
  
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  484
  
  
  
  
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  [color=black !important]Arthur Schopenhauer 叔本华Died at 72 (1788-1860)Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher best known for his book, The World as Will and Representation, in which he claimed that our world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually
  
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• 45
  
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  638
  
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  246
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Werner Heisenberg 海森伯Died at 75 (1901-1976)Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers
  
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• 46
  
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  1,210
  
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  546
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Alexander Graham Bell  亚历山大.格林厄姆.贝尔Died at 75 (1847-1922)Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone. Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had
  
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• 47
  
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  1,022
  
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  383
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Michael Faraday 法拉第Died at 76 (1791-1867)Michael Faraday FRS was an English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include those of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and
  
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• 48
  
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  786
  
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  300
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Blaise Pascal 帕斯卡Died at 39 (1623-1662)Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work
  
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• 49
  
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  940
  
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  429
  
  
  
  
  
  [color=black !important]Dante Alighieri 但丁Died at 56 (1265-1321)Durante degli Alighieri, simply called Dante, was a major Italian poet of the late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa and later called Divina by Boccaccio, is widely
  
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• 50
  
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  640
  
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  310
  
  
  
  
  why is this #50?
  [color=black !important]Fyodor Dostoyevsky 陀思妥耶夫斯基Died at 60 (1821-1881)Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky, sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist and philosopher. Dostoyevsky's literary works explore human