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论文标题:汉代简牍中的私文书研究The Study on Han"s Private Documents Written on Bamboo Slips or Wooden Tablets
论文作者 陈兰兰
论文导师 孙瑞,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 历史文献学
论文单位 吉林大学,点击次数 58,论文页数 66页File Size717k
2004-04-01论文网 http://www.lw23.com/lunwen_187832467/ 周作人;文学翻译;启蒙;近现代文学;平民文学;贵族文学;贡献
Zhou Zuoren; Literary Translation; enlightenment; modern literature; Civilian literature; Noble literature; contribution
简牍文书是我国古代纸张尚未发明及普遍使用前写在竹木材料上的官、私文书。今见之汉代简牍文书有6万余枚,包括大量的官文书材料,和一定数量的私文书材料。近几十年来,前辈学者多侧重于对其中的官文书的研究,私文书仅对契约和丧葬文书有所涉及,其它种类的私文书则一直被忽视,即使偶有提及,也是寥寥数语。私文书与官文书一样,同为当时人们在现实生活中处理公、私事物不可缺少的工具,私文书更是当时社会生活尤其是民间社会生活的真实记录,真切地反映着民间社会生活的原貌。而目前为止,笔者目力所及尚未见有对汉代简牍中的私文书进行专门研究的著述。这也是笔者试作此题目的原因和意义。私文书是一个家庭或家族在其生活、生产过程中形成的反映家庭或家族成员活动内容的文字信息。在纸张尚未发明及普遍使用以前,依据书写载体的不同,我国古代私文书经历了甲骨私文书、青铜私文书和简牍私文书三个主要阶段,而汉代尤其是西汉的简牍私文书在我国古代私文书史上有着特殊重要的地位。笔者在此以公开发表的简牍材料为限,从文书学、历史学和社会学三个角度,试对汉代简牍中的私文书作以专门考察,梳理出汉代简牍私文书的种类及内容、发展的特征、反映的问题。本文首先对汉代的简牍私文书进行全景式的扫描,将其分为六类,按类举例介绍其内容,并对其性质进行一一鉴定;然后从载体材料和历史时空两个方面对汉代简牍中的私文书发展的特征作以分析论述;最后阐述从汉代简牍私文书中所反映出的汉代社会生活几个方面的问题。文章第一部分研究汉代简牍中的私文书种类及内容。第一类,私人信件,即是私人之间往来的信件,有以下两种情形:家庭成员之间和友朋之间;第二类,私人契约,即是指私人之间协议的文书,汉代简牍中的私人契约皆是民间围绕经济关系而订立的,所以这里的私人契约仅是一个纯粹的经济范畴,分三个方面:一是财产流转方面,又分为衣物买卖契约、土地买卖契约和借贷契约;二是合伙经商方面;三是遗嘱方面;第三类,私人簿籍,分为家庭礼钱帐簿和合伙经商簿籍;第四类,丧葬文书,是在处理死者的治丧随葬的礼仪活动中产生和使用的文书,分为三种:一是遣文书,包括随葬品清单和赙品清单;二是告地文书;三是告神文书;第五类,名谒文书,是汉代社会通用的一方请谒另一方时遣谒者向受谒者申报个人姓名、官职、行状等情况的文书;第六类,私人志记。文章第二部分研究汉代简牍中的私文书发展的特征。揭示出汉代尤其是西汉的简牍私文书在我国古代私文书史上有着特殊重要的地位。首先,从载体材料的角度,将汉代的简牍私文书与商代甲骨、西周青铜载体的私文书相比,得出其如下两个发展特征:一是使用领域及用途更加宽泛,不仅用于记录家庭或家族成员的重大或日常事务;还作为私人经济交易的凭据或经济组织的帐目使用于经济交往领域;作为私人沟通的工具使用于人际交往领域;作为生者安事死者的媒介使用于丧葬礼仪之中。二是使用主体扩大化、多样化,在汉代可以说是形形色色,多层多样,既有政府官员的社交名谒,也有平民大众的“家书抵万金”,既有地主之间的买田契约,也有戍卒百姓的卖衣契券等等。其次,从历史时空角度,将汉代尤其是西汉的简牍私文书与其前后的简牍私文书相比,即与战国、秦、东汉、三国魏晋相比,得出其如下两个特征:一是社会生活中的活跃程度较高,有其社会经济、社会政治、丧葬风气三方面的原因;二是文书多形成制作与书写惯例,与战国、秦相比,私人书信已形成较固定的书写格式和惯用语;私人契约已有明确的条款要素体现着立契当事人的权利与义务;丧葬文书在形制和内容上已较为规范统一;名谒文书也已形成社会上通行的书写格式。文章第三部分研究汉代简牍私文书中反映的问题。汉代的简牍私文书是汉代人们在私人社会生活和生产活动中遗留下来的实物,它悠悠述说着汉代民间社会生活的历史,生动具体地展现着汉代民间社会生活的原貌。一是边塞吏卒的生活:物质上,经济拮据,生活艰苦;精神上,思乡怀家,牵亲挂友。二是家庭女性的地位:从家庭女性作为妻子和母亲两个角度考察出,作为妻子,拥有与丈夫相对平等的地位,妻子的身份较为自由,有较为广阔的生存和生活空间,有自己独立的人格,其身份和地位受到丈夫和社会的认可和尊重;作为母亲,在母子女的关系中拥有家长的权威。三是社会人际的交往,从简牍私文书的蛛丝马迹中可以看到汉代社会人情交往的点滴。本文从文书学、历史学和社会学三个角度对汉代简牍中的私文书作了专门性的研究,希望能有助于我国古代文书学研究的进一步深入和系统化,同时也希望能有助于人们从各个角度更为深入地了解汉代社会。
Documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets refer to the official and private documents written on the bamboo or wooden carrier before paper had been invent and universally used in the ancient days of our country. Han" s documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets that we have seen amount to sixty thousand, consisting of great quantity of official documents and specified amount of private documents. In the past dozens of years, the elder learners had laid more emphasis on the study of Han" s official documents. But, except that deed and funeral documents had been somewhat referred to, other sort of private documents had always been overlooked. Even if they were talked about, only several words. Together with official documents, private documents is also a necessary means people employed when dealing with official and private affairs in the actual life. And private documents are the real record of the social life especially the folks" life of that time. They reflect the original appearance of folks" life exactly. But up till now, I hasn" t yet caught sight of any specialized writing on the Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets within the scope my eyes can reach. That is also the reason why I attempt to elaborate on this subject.Private documents are messages that take shape in a family or a clan" s living and manufacturing process, reflecting the family or the family members" action. Private documents in the ancient days of our country were firstly written on the bones, secondly on the bronze, thirdly on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets according to the carrier before paper had been invent and universally used. Han" s especially West Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets are particularly important in the history of private documents. Here, I try to make study of Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets with the material published in attempt to sorting out the general condition of Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets.The thesis, first, conducts full- view scanning onto Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets and divides them into six sorts with examples identified one by one of each sort. Then, form the view of carrier and history the thesis makes an analysis of and details the features of development of Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets. Finally, the thesis elaborates on several respects of social life in Han Dynasty reflected by Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets.The first part of the thesis deals with the sorts and contents of Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets. The first sort, private letters, refer to letters transmitted between family members or friends. The second sort, private deed, refer to deeds signed by people on behalf of themselves. All the deeds in Han" s private documents written on bamboo slips or wooden tablets are related to economy, so the private deeds here merely belong to an unadulterated economic category. They can be divided into three branches. First, wealth" s transmission, which can also be parted into deeds of clothing business, deeds of soil business and deeds of loaning. Second, the deeds of business goes into partnership the ration. Third, deeds of will. The third sort, private accounts, which consist of family" s money account and business cooperation account. The forth sort, funeral documents, which refer to documents produced and used in the ceremony of treating the dead and in the funeral arrangement. They can be sorted into three branches, that is presentation documents including the detailed accounts of presents given by others and things to be buried arranged by family, documents informing the earth, documents informing the deity. The fifth sort, documents used to inform others of someone" s name, identification and other information like individual cards when one is willing to visit other people. The |
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